電力

變壓器油:是石油的一種分餾產物(wu)，它的主要成分是烷(wan)烴,環(huan)烷(wan)族飽(bao)和(he)烴，芳香族不飽(bao)和(he)烴等化合物(wu)。俗稱方(fang)棚油，淺黃色(se)透(tou)明液體，相對密度0.895。凝固(gu)點<-45 ℃。

變壓器油是天然(ran)石油中經過蒸餾(liu)、精煉而獲得的一(yi)種礦物油，是石油中的潤滑油餾(liu)份經酸堿精制處理得到純凈穩(wen)定、粘度(du)小、絕(jue)緣性好、冷卻性好的液體(ti)天然(ran)碳氫化合物的混(hun)合物。俗(su)稱方棚油，淺黃色透明液體(ti)。

變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)是輸變(bian)(bian)電的重(zhong)(zhong)要設(she)備，一旦出(chu)現問題，損(sun)失嚴重(zhong)(zhong)，所以(yi)電力行(xing)業對(dui)變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)自身運行(xing)情況尤(you)為重(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)。變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)油(you)在(zai)變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)、電抗(kang)器(qi)、互(hu)感器(qi)中(zhong)主(zhu)要起(qi)絕緣(yuan)、散(san)熱冷(leng)卻和(he)(he)保護絕緣(yuan)材料作(zuo)用，但若(ruo)在(zai)上述(shu)設(she)備中(zhong)有(you)電弧發生時，也起(qi)滅(mie)弧作(zuo)用；在(zai)充(chong)油(you)套管中(zhong)主(zhu)要起(qi)絕緣(yuan)作(zuo)用；在(zai)油(you)開關(guan)中(zhong)，起(qi)滅(mie)弧和(he)(he)絕緣(yuan)作(zuo)用。

變壓器油作為變壓器等電力設備內的絕緣介質，在配電變壓器中既起到絕緣作用，又起到散熱的作用，因此，按照規定的周期加強巡視，時常傾聽運行中的變壓器聲音，觀察油位的高低和顏色，發現問題及時處理非常必要，可確保變壓器等電氣設備安全運行，最大限度提高供電可靠性。

變壓器油的正常處理方式

1.如果(guo)發現油位太低(di)(di)，會使(shi)變(bian)壓器絕緣降低(di)(di)，這時(shi)我們必須(xu)及時(shi)申請停(ting)電，加(jia)入一定(ding)量合格的變(bian)壓器油，并加(jia)至(zhi)變(bian)壓器油枕(zhen)所規(gui)定(ding)的刻度。

2.如(ru)果發現(xian)漏油(you)，應及(ji)時申請辦理(li)停(ting)電(dian)，盡快處理(li)。首(shou)先尋找漏油(you)的(de)原(yuan)因和漏油(you)點(dian)，如(ru)發現(xian)從上端蓋上滲(shen)出就(jiu)應緊固上端一圈大螺絲;油(you)從高低壓套管滲(shen)出，就(jiu)應擰緊固定瓷套的(de)螺絲;如(ru)果油(you)從擋位處滲(shen)出，就(jiu)應打開擋位蓋，擰緊里(li)面的(de)固定螺絲;絕緣墊(dian)老化，就(jiu)應吊芯(xin)更換絕緣油(you)墊(dian)。

3.按照(zhao)國家(jia)電網運行規(gui)程(cheng)規(gui)定，投運后的(de)配電變壓器油(you)必須1~3年做(zuo)一次耐壓試檢，并(bing)做(zuo)好記錄，以便于存檔今后可(ke)查，如果變壓器油(you)達不到技術要求(qiu)，應(ying)盡(jin)快過濾或更(geng)換。

變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)又稱(cheng)(cheng)絕(jue)緣油(you)(you)(you)(you)是指從石油(you)(you)(you)(you)煉(lian)制的(de)(de)天然徑(jing)類(lei)混合(he)物(wu)的(de)(de)礦物(wu)型絕(jue)緣油(you)(you)(you)(you)。變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)廣泛(fan)應用(yong)于變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)類(lei)和斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)類(lei)等(deng)(deng)設備，如各類(lei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(電(dian)(dian)(dian)力變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、整流變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)爐變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、試驗變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)I壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、礦用(yong)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、接(jie)地變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)除塵(chen)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng))、套管、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流互(hu)感器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)互(hu)感器(qi)(qi)(qi)、調壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)(qi)(qi)、消弧(hu)線(xian)圈(quan)，耦合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)、多油(you)(you)(you)(you)斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、少(shao)油(you)(you)(you)(you)斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、柱上油(you)(you)(you)(you)斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、起動補償器(qi)(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜等(deng)(deng)。變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)屬易燃(ran)(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)，所以一般不(bu)(bu)包(bao)括合(he)成油(you)(you)(you)(you)，即不(bu)(bu)包(bao)括不(bu)(bu)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)和高(gao)(gao)(gao)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)點(dian)油(you)(you)(you)(you)。不(bu)(bu)然油(you)(you)(you)(you)有(you)聚(ju)氯(lv)聯苯(ben)(PCB)和氟油(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)種，而(er)高(gao)(gao)(gao)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)點(dian)油(you)(you)(you)(you)有(you)硅油(you)(you)(you)(you)、α油(you)(you)(you)(you)、β油(you)(you)(you)(you)、M油(you)(you)(you)(you)、聚(ju)α烯(xi)、十(shi)二烷(wan)基苯(ben)、E油(you)(you)(you)(you)、γ油(you)(you)(you)(you)。變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)點(dian)是165℃,而(er)高(gao)(gao)(gao)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)點(dian)油(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)嫩點(dian)均在300℃以上，不(bu)(bu)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)是不(bu)(bu)會著火(huo)的(de)(de)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)點(dian)油(you)(you)(you)(you)又稱(cheng)(cheng)阻(zu)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)，主要(yao)用(yong)在高(gao)(gao)(gao)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)點(dian)油(you)(you)(you)(you)浸(jin)式變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、阻(zu)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)有(you)載分接(jie)開關、電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜等(deng)(deng)場合(he)。而(er)不(bu)(bu)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)聚(ju)氯(lv)聯苯(ben)因致癌有(you)毒，已禁用(yong)，氟油(you)(you)(you)(you)因價高(gao)(gao)(gao)貨少(shao)，很少(shao)用(yong)。但現在有(you)的(de)(de)廠商將高(gao)(gao)(gao)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)點(dian)油(you)(you)(you)(you)也(ye)稱(cheng)(cheng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)點(dian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)。

目(mu)前廣泛應(ying)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)絕緣液(ye)(ye)體還是礦物(wu)物(wu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)系變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)。變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)以(yi)其(qi)優良的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)、物(wu)理熱工性能應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)備中，尤其(qi)是用(yong)于(yu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)浸式(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)中，已有100多年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史。1887年(nian)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)湯姆生取得(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)專利，當(dang)時這種礦物(wu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)叫(jiao)潤滑油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)。1892年(nian)被美(mei)國(guo)(guo)通用(yong)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)公(gong)司應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。因其(qi)需求量大，大變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)每臺(tai)需50-60t,品質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)技(ji)術經濟指標優越，使其(qi)使用(yong)經久不(bu)衰(shuai)，始終占據著變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)液(ye)(ye)體介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)治地位。變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)強度、化學成分(fen)和(he)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)損耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)好壞(huai)，直接影響(xiang)整個電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)絕緣性能。變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)閃點溫度的(de)(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)低和(he)酸價的(de)(de)(de)(de)增加，是因電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)備局部過(guo)熱使油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)分(fen)解(jie)而(er)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)。變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)擊穿電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)低和(he)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)損耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)增加，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)說明變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)受潮。因此(ci)，研究變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性能及其(qi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化對電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)可(ke)(ke)靠運行(xing)很有必(bi)要。

純凈的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)油(you)(you)的(de)(de)電(dian)氣(qi)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)達200一250kV/cm，比(bi)空(kong)氣(qi)高(gao)4-7倍。因(yin)此用(yong)(yong)(yong)它作(zuo)絕(jue)緣可(ke)大大縮小變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)體(ti)積。由于紙和紙板的(de)(de)原料很豐(feng)富(fu)、價格較便宜、機(ji)械強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)尚好，浸(jin)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)油(you)(you)后(hou)電(dian)氣(qi)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)高(gao)，當油(you)(you)被(bei)擊穿以后(hou)，絕(jue)緣可(ke)以恢復(fu)，不(bu)會(hui)留下永(yong)久性的(de)(de)放電(dian)通道，因(yin)此變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)油(you)(you)得到了廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)油(you)(you)絕(jue)緣強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)高(gao)，在電(dian)氣(qi)設備中主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)作(zuo)絕(jue)緣介(jie)(jie)質使用(yong)(yong)(yong)，又因(yin)比(bi)熱容較大，故(gu)也作(zuo)冷卻介(jie)(jie)質，在斷路器(qi)和有載分(fen)接開關及起(qi)(qi)動補償器(qi)中作(zuo)熄(xi)弧(hu)介(jie)(jie)質使用(yong)(yong)(yong)和起(qi)(qi)冷卻觸(chu)頭作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。在高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜中，油(you)(you)起(qi)(qi)填充、浸(jin)漬的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，以清除電(dian)纜內部(bu)的(de)(de)氣(qi)體(ti)，提高(gao)電(dian)氣(qi)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)。在油(you)(you)浸(jin)紙介(jie)(jie)電(dian)容器(qi)中，油(you)(you)起(qi)(qi)填充、浸(jin)潰(kui)、絕(jue)緣的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，以提高(gao)電(dian)容量和絕(jue)緣強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)。由于滅(mie)弧(hu)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)取決(jue)于油(you)(you)氣(qi)分(fen)解產生的(de)(de)油(you)(you)氣(qi)混合物。這種油(you)(you)耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)降低不(bu)會(hui)顯(xian)著降低其滅(mie)弧(hu)能力，故(gu)少油(you)(you)斷路器(qi)的(de)(de)油(you)(you)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)可(ke)以比(bi)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)中所(suo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)油(you)(you)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)低些。